Thursday, March 28, 2024
HomePasture HealthForageCan Cattle Help With Seeding?

Can Cattle Help With Seeding?

Readers have asked if cattle can be used for seeding pastures, or if there are examples of others that have done this. This article from Canada’s Beef Cattle Research Council has some good answers.

Cattle can be managed to produce calves, beef and milk, but can they also be put to work re-seeding pastures?

The palatable black seed pods of cicer milk vetch will no doubt be consumed by these yearlings on this fall-grazing pasture and distributed over other parts of this and other pastures. Most of the cicer milk vetch in this pasture was established by cattle depositing seed through their manure. Photo provided by Graeme Finn.

As long as you’re not in a hurry, producers who manage beef cows and yearlings so they distribute legume seeds through their manure, say “yes” it can be a passive, yet effective means of establishing desirable forages on pasture.

There doesn’t appear to be a handy term to describe this re-seeding technique, and on many farms and ranches with late season grazing it probably happens naturally anyway.

But several Alberta producers who see a benefit, are making a point to manage pastures so cattle are consuming mature forage seeds, in hopes at least some are shed in manure and germinate to establish the species on other parts of the pasture. And from their observations over the past few years, it works.

Ian Murray, who owns Shoestring Ranch at Acme, northeast of Calgary, says over the past three years he is seeing more desirable grazing species such as cicer milk vetch on areas of his pasture where there were few or none before.

This mixed-species pasture on Graeme Finn’s farm dominated with pink flowered sainfoin about to go to seed will be used for fall grazing with a side-benefit that some of those seeds will be redistributed over this and other pastures in manure. (Photo provided by Graeme Finn)

Alex Robertson who ranches at Longview, south of Calgary says he is seeing more legumes on his tame pastures. And Graeme Finn, who ranches with family members at Crossfield, just north of Calgary, says while he believes in the practice of distributing seed through late-season grazing, he’s also taken it a step further. Finn adds a “bean can full” of raw seed to each bag of mineral mix in hopes of getting more seed established on pasture, without having to pull out the seed drill.

Long-time Alberta Agriculture grazing and forage specialist Grant Lastiwka says the concept makes sense — let some pasture mature and set seed before grazing, in hopes of distributing more seed in manure. He does have some caveats to feeding extra seed through the mineral mix.

Legumes Are Well Suited to Seeding by Cattle

This manure/seeding technique is best suited for hard-coated forage seed such as legumes, say ranchers and specialists alike. Alfalfa, clovers, sainfoin, trefoil and cicer milk vetch all produce hard-coated seed and many can pass through an animal’s digestive system without being damaged. Grass seeds such as brome and orchard grass seed are typically softer seeds and can be damaged in the rumen.

Cicer milk vetch is one legume that is targeted for the manure/seeding technique. It’s a high yielding, palatable, high protein legume, that is also a prolific seed producer. It is a bloat-resistant legume that works well in a grazing system.

Ian Murray says he definitely sees improved distribution of cicer milk vetch since he has focused on the program.

“No doubt there has been some of this happening all along, but I have made a conscious effort to stockpile pastures for seed distribution since 2014,” says Murray.
Murray runs a 180 head cow-calf and yearling operation that grazes nearly 12 months a year. He moves cattle through about 40 different paddocks, ranging from 20 to 45 acres, during the year. Most of the long-established pastures on his ranch are grass based with varying degrees of cicer milk vetch mixed in. He would like to see more.

“For example, we had a quarter section that was cross fenced into paddocks,” he says. “The south end of the quarter had more cicer milk vetch than the north end. So we make a point of letting some of the paddocks mature and go to seed, then we can let the cattle in to fall graze — they take seed with them, as they move through other paddocks.”

Research shows it can take up to three days for feed eaten today, to completely move through a cow’s digestive system. So as animals move, the seed moves too.

Murray says he had a better look at some of the manure patties last year after a big rain and “there are hundreds of seeds” in the manure. He’s not sure how many of those seeds will germinate and grow, but even some is good.

“And I believe it is working,” he says. “We are starting to see more cicer milk vetch in areas where we didn’t have that much, so it is being moved around.” While grass seeds may not survive a trip through the cow’s digestive system, allowing the plants to mature on mixed stand pastures provides an opportunity for them to drop seed and fill in the pasture around them.

Mixed-species pasture on Graeme Finn’s farm dominated with pink flowered sainfoin. (Photo provided by Graeme Finn)

“I look at a pasture as permanent resource,” says Murray. “So if we can fill in, and distribute these grasses and legumes so they keep re-establishing themselves then these really become permanent pastures that won’t have to be re-seeded.”

Alex Robertson is seeing a similar response on his southern Alberta ranch. His pastures include grasses such as orchard grass, meadow brome and tall fescue, along with cicer milk vetch, sainfoin, birdsfoot trefoil and some alfalfa.

“Unintentionally there has been some re-seeding by the cows for about 20 years,” he says. “But for the past five years we have been changing pasture management to encourage more re-seeding.”

His cattle are out on native grass range for most of the winter and move onto stockpiled tame forage in April and May. “We start calving in later spring and as soon as the cow-calf pairs are mothered up we move them out to this stockpiled pasture, which has gone to seed, and there is also some new growth coming underneath,” he says.

As cows eat that stockpiled forage, seed is distributed over the pasture. “I am seeing more of the legumes, such as cicer milk vetch, appearing in different parts of our pastures,” he says. “I don’t know if it will ever build to where we have more grass, but hopefully it will at least maintain these stands as productive pastures.”

Works in Brush Areas As Well

Graeme Finn says he is seeing some of these desirable legumes such as cicer milk vetch, sainfoin and clovers beginning to establish themselves on land that has been annually cropped for 30 years. “Our cattle will move from paddocks with stockpiled forage onto fields where annual crops have been cut for swath grazing, and now we are starting to see these legumes on the swath grazed fields.”

While Finn stockpiles forage so cattle can fall graze and move seeds in manure, he also feeds raw seed to cattle throughout the year as well. Anytime a mineral box is being refilled he mixes in one or two “bean cans” of sainfoin, cicer milk vetch and alfalfa seed with the mineral (it probably works out to about one pound of seed per bag of mineral.)

“We do this summer and winter, with cows, yearlings and bulls and we are starting to see these legumes popping up all over,” says Finn. The system works well on open pasture and especially well in bush land, where tillage or mechanical seeding wouldn’t be an option anyway.

“We’ve been doing this for a while and last year I went out with the quad to spray some thistle and toadflax in one bush area and I had to quit,” says Finn. “There was so much sainfoin coming in among the grass I stopped because I didn’t want to spray it out. Driving by you might not notice, but when you stop and look the legumes are coming.”

Photo by Graeme Finn

Finn estimates he uses about two bags of seed for each pallet of mineral.

He along with Lastikwa make the point if seed is going to be actually fed to cattle, it needs to be raw seed, untreated and with no mechanical injury or scarification from harvest.

“It needs to be raw, undamaged seed,” says Lastikwa. He says salt and some other minerals could potentially damage the seed coat as well. He’s not sure how many ranchers will actually “feed” seed to cattle, but he says there is nothing wrong with cattle harvesting mature legume stands on their own.

“Research shows these hard seeds will pass through the animal and can establish themselves on pasture,” says Lastikwa.

He says “planning” to have cattle distribute seed is all part of a well-managed grazing system.

“If you look at the whole picture, a well managed grazing system that allows for a longer grazing season, is good economics as it can help reduce winter feeding costs,” he says. “And generally as you develop that type of system, you’re going to have some pastures that get mature and go to seed. So its really the point where management for a highly productive and healthy forage stand and longer season of grazing come together.”

Lastikwa says manure/seeding isn’t a fast way to establish plants and renew a pasture, but at the same time it is a low or no-cost reseeding system, too. “It’s a slow process and we don’t know how many seeds in that fecal deposit will germinate and sometimes they can be quite a distance apart. But over time these legumes can be distributed and pastures renew over the long haul.”

The Beef Cattle Research Council (BCRC) is Canada’s national industry-led funding agency for beef research. The BCRC is funded through a portion of a producer-paid national levy as well as government and industry funding, and is directed by a committee of beef producers from across the country.

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Kathy Voth
Kathy Vothhttps://onpasture.com
I am the founder, editor and publisher of On Pasture, now retired. My career spanned 40 years of finding creative solutions to problems, and sharing ideas with people that encouraged them to work together and try new things. From figuring out how to teach livestock to eat weeds, to teaching range management to high schoolers, outdoor ed graduation camping trips with fifty 6th graders at a time, building firebreaks with a 130-goat herd, developing the signs and interpretation for the Storm King Fourteen Memorial trail, receiving the Conservation Service Award for my work building the 150-mile mountain bike trail from Grand Junction, Colorado to Moab, Utah...well, the list is long so I'll stop with, I've had a great time and I'm very grateful.

4 COMMENTS

  1. We have long referred to this type of seeding as ‘hoof & tooth’ seeding.
    Legumes and hard seeded forbs are what work the best for stockpiling forage, grazing for a day or two & then moving stock to target field for 2-3 days to let the seed pass through.
    Most grass seed is digested in the rumen, but there is a small amount that may pass through. Endophyte infected fescue certainly seems to get spread via manure.

  2. Run the feeder cows over it, Dad told a cousin new to farming. You feed clover hay in the barn lot, so fence it off in small pastures and run them in there.
    He did and the next year the hay fields had few annual weeds and a lot of good quality clover. Hey, it works too well for mesquite, no? A lot of plants hard seed and acid in the stomachs wear off some of the shell. And, hoof prints leave holes where grass seed can fall and be sheltered long enough to sprout and survive. This was always a common practice, using livestock to reseed. Grass can be broadcast into the pasture where cattle are grazing.
    Meanwhile, at dawn, it’s cold enough away north of Tucson I don’t know if we should be singing here comes santy claus or blue hawaii. Nah, we’ll stick to home. Why leave paradise for a swamp? 🙂

  3. My experience is with red clover. I always let a paddock or part of a field go to see after one or two earlier grazings. Then, when the seed is mature, the cows go in for a quite bit to eat. Whether the clover reseeds by being trampled, just falling to the ground naturally, or passing through cows is unclear, but well. Taking two hay cuttings would mean the clover would soon disappear in our area where there would not be time for it to reseed.

    This fall I put the cows on a good grassy part of a hayfield, but first I topseeded with trefoil and red clover and then turned the cows in to trample the seed into the soil; probably some gets passed through the digestive system, too. We’ll see late next summer how well the red clover establishes and the following year the trefoil, a slow starter.

  4. Kathy, Thanks for the questions raised in these examples.
    Paige Kennedy Smart completed a masters thesis at NCSU, directed by Matt Poore. Answering some of these questions, specifically for red clover (coated or not), fed or frost-seeded into fescue pastures in NC.

    https://repository.lib.ncsu.edu/bitstream/handle/1840.20/33461/etd.pdf?sequence=1

    Are you aware of research or informal experiments on which noxious weed seeds are most effectively spread by cattle?
    Which cool season, desired grasses are effectively spread by grazing seedheads?

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