The last few fire seasons have clearly demonstrated that fires are coming more frequently and at sizes that challenge our ability to fight and/or control them. While grazing has been considered and even sometimes used as a fire prevention tool, the actual success and impact have not been clearly documented. This research is another step in learning how to successfully use grazing to reduce fire danger. We’ll be sharing more on this topic in future issues.
Thank you to Devii Rao Felix Ratcliff, Sheila Barry, Luke Macaulay, Royce Larsen, Matthew Shapero, Shane Dewees, Max Moritz, Rowan Peterson, and Larry Forero for their work on this article and on the research itself.
The widespread and severe wildfires in California during the past several years highlight the importance of understanding how land management practices such as cattle grazing affect wildfire risk. The California Cattle Council recently funded a UC Cooperative Extension project to evaluate how much fine fuel (grasses and other plants) are eaten by cattle on rangelands, and how this may affect wildfire behavior. These results have not yet been published, but preliminary results are presented here.
Cattle Numbers
The study found that about 1.8 million beef cattle grazed California’s rangelands, which include grasslands, oak woodlands, and shrublands, in 2017. Beef cows were by far the most abundant beef cattle class, with 677,000 on range in the state. This was followed by steers, heifers, and bulls.
Fuel Removal by Cattle
Beef cattle are found grazing in every county in California, except San Francisco and they consumed 11.6 billion pounds of fuel in 2017. Our analysis which was based on county crop reports, Agricultural Census data, and UC Cooperative Extension data showed that cattle consumed vegetation across about 19.4 million acres of rangeland, primarily privately-owned. However, some grazing also occurs on federally-owned and other public lands too, especially in the mountain and desert regions of the state.
The amount of fuel consumed per acre varied greatly based on region (Figure 1). The average amount of fuel removed across grazed rangelands in the state was 596 pounds per acre. This number varied from 174 pounds per acre in the southeast interior region to 1020 pounds per acre in the San Joaquin-Sierra Region (Figure 2).
Figure 1. Beef cattle grazing regions of California
Figure 2. Pounds per acre of fuel reduction on grazed rangelands in each region, based on county crop reports
Fine fuel reduction on any given ranch can differ greatly (either higher or lower) from the region-wide estimates in this study. Figures 3, 4, and 5 show examples of 500, 1,200, and 3000 lbs./acre of grassland vegetation.
These fuel removal estimates are based on the best available data, but this data does not describe the complex details and variation of cattle grazing across the state. There is a need for more consistent and accurate accounting of cattle numbers and grazed acres across the state to better understand grazing’s impact on fire fuels.
These regional values of fuel removal are much lower than the amount of vegetation or forage that grows naturally in these regions in most years. Valley grasslands in the interior of the state generally produce 2000 pounds of forage per acre or more in an average year (Becchetti et al. 2016, Bartolome 1987). Coast range grassland sites in central and northern California generally produce more than 3000 pounds of forage per acre (Larsen et al. 2020, Becchetti et al. 2016). Coastal prairie sites can be highly productive, producing more than 4500 pounds per acre on average in the central coast (Larsen et al. 2020). The highest production years can see double the average production in any given region, and the lowest production years can be less than 25% of average production. The relatively low amounts of fuel removal reflect conservative stocking strategies, which are used by many ranchers across the state as a way to guard against drought and the unpredictable nature of forage production (Macon et al. 2016).
Influence of Cattle Grazing on Wildfire Behavior
Maintaining flame lengths below four feet is often cited as a critical threshold that allows fire fighters to safely access an area from the ground without heavy equipment (Andrews and Rothermel 1982). Fire behavior models developed for this study suggest that maintaining fine fuels at or below 1200-1300 pounds per acre during spring and summer will keep flame lengths below four at wind speeds up to 40 mph. This number is affected by other factors however, and during very dry weather conditions, fine fuels may need to be kept at or below 800 pounds per acre to keep flame lengths below 4 feet. These numbers are useful for interpreting the impacts of reducing fuel levels, but they still need to be experimentally validated in California.
In addition to reducing fine fuels, cattle grazing can also reduce rangeland fuels by preventing or slowing encroachment of shrubs and trees onto grasslands. This is valuable from a fire safety perspective because shrubs can increase fire hazard and fire intensity (Ford and Hayes 2007, Parker et al. 2016).
Reducing fire hazard is not as simple as grazing rangelands to bare soil or even to low level of fuel. Rangeland managers need to balance different management goals. They aim to leave some forage on rangelands at the end of the grazing season (before the first fall rains) to protect soil from erosion, support future forage production, avoid growing some types of weeds, and often provide fall forage for their cattle. In some areas, it is important to leave more than 1200-1300 pounds of forage per acre to achieve these goals, so reducing fuel loads will have to be done carefully to avoid conflicts with other management targets (Bartolome et al. 2006).
Conclusions
Cattle grazing plays an important role in reducing fine fuels on grazed rangelands in California. Without grazing we would have hundreds to thousands of additional of pounds/acre of fine fuels on the landscape, potentially leading to larger and more severe fires. The bulk of this fuel reduction occurs in regions of the state with higher forage production per acre. Therefore, while average fuel reduction rates are higher in these regions, residual fuels may not be low enough across all grazed rangelands (even in regions with high fuel reduction rates) to avoid long flame lengths. Fortunately, cattle do not generally consume forage uniformly at the field, ranch, or region scale. At many locations within grazed rangelands, there will likely be patches that are grazed low enough to significantly alter fire behavior, and patchy fuels can slow fire extent and rate of spread.
Widespread and severe wildfires are predicted to increase over time in California. This “new reality” requires that we take advantage of all the tools in our management toolbox to protect public safety while meeting our broader rangeland management objectives. Grazing all rangelands to ideal fuel levels is not logistically feasible or compatible with management goals. However, there are opportunities to improve fire safety in California by grazing rangelands that are not currently being grazed or even by increasing grazing intensity on very lightly grazed areas. The number of beef cows in California today are only about 57% of their peak numbers in the 1980s (CDFA 2010-2018). This reduction is mirrored by declines in public lands grazing. Strategic implementation of cattle grazing, including potentially fee-for-service agreements, on key private and public lands can meet multiple natural resource objectives, while also lowering fire hazard through reducing fine fuels, reducing fuel continuity, and slowing or stopping shrub encroachment into grasslands.
This research was funded by the California Cattle Council.
References
Andrews, P.L. and R.C. Rothermel. 1982. Charts for interpreting wildland fire behavior characteristics. General Technical Report INT-131. US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station.
Bartolome JW. 1987. California Annual Grassland and Oak Savannah. Rangelands, 9:122–125.
Bartolome, JW, WE Frost, NK McDougald, M. Connor. 2006. California Guidelines for Residual Dry Matter (RDM) Management on Coastal and Foothill Annual Grasslands. University of California, Division of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Rangeland Monitoring Series, Publication 8092.
Becchetti T, George M, McDougald N et al. 2016. Rangeland Management Series: Annual Range Forage Production, University of California, Agriculture and Natural Resources.
California Department of Food and Agriculture (CDFA). 2010 – 2018. California Agricultural Statistics Review. California Department of Food and Agriculture, Sacramento, California.
Ford LD & Hayes GF. 2007. Northern Coastal Scrub and Coastal Prairie. In: Barbour M, (ed.). Terrestrial Vegetation of California, 3rd Edition. University of California Press, p. 180–207.
Larsen, R., M. Shapero, M. Horney, L. Althouse, D. Meade, K. Brown, D. Rao, K. Striby, C. Rigby, K. Jensen, D. Conestro, K. Lindsteadt, S. Covello. 2020. Forage Production Report, California Central Coast, 2001 – 2019. University of California Agriculture and Natural Resources. Accessed online August 2020 at: http://cesanluisobispo.ucanr.edu/Custom_Program355/Forage_Production_Report/.
Macon, DK., S Barry, T Becchetti, JS. Davy, MP. Doran, JA. Finzel, H George. 2016. Coping with drought on California rangelands. Rangelands 38(4):222-228.
Parker, V. T., R. B. Pratt, and J. E. Keeley. 2016. Chaparral. Pages 479-508 in H. Mooney, and E. Zavaleta, editors. Ecosystems of California—a source book. University of California Press, Berkeley, USA.
Yep, 100% agree. We saw it in the Big Horn fires near Tucson this last summer. Fire came within 6 miles of my town, then stopped. They stopped where the ‘wilderness’ was and ranch country began.
Cattle browse here, and break down dead brush, trample it into the earth where termites can get to it easily. Wood is broken down and taken deep underground, not left on the surface to feed a fire. If the manure is coarse enough, they take that, as well, or dung beetles will, if a rancher is very careful about insecticides and wormers.
I do silvopasture grazing of my dairy herd in a pine plantation in Alabama.
In my experience, intensive grazing is a great tool especially when used in conjunction with prescribed burning to reduce fuel loads and wildfire risk.