Poultry processing regulations are one of the primary challenges for small farms hoping to add broilers to their farms. To give small farms a chance, in many states, there are exemptions for small farms to make. You’ll need to check your local regulations, but here in Vermont, the 1,000 or less bird exemption allows farms to produce and sell broiler chickens through certain market channels without requiring the birds to be processed in a state or federally inspected facility. This opens the door for many small start-ups or add-on poultry enterprises to enter the marketplace.
But Is It Profitable?
What are the business prospects for a farm trying to sell up to 1,000 organic broilers? Are these farms viable stand-alone businesses or are they better left as add-on enterprises to an existing farm?
Spend enough time with any farm business adviser and you get the standard, yet thoughtful response: “It depends.”
It certainly does depend on a number of factors. So the University of Vermont Extension Farm Viability program developed poultry budgets to help us all get a better answer. We reviewed finances with several farmers, reviewed older studies and vetted the budget template with agricultural specialists to develop and “average farm” financial projection for an organic 1,000 bird operation. The conclusion is that it still depends….but at least now we can tell you what it depends on, and what you should watch out for.
Financial performance for year one of an organic, 1,000-bird operation showed a range of net cash income ranging from around $5,116 for a stand-alone operation (Farm A below) to $6,616 net cash income for an operation embedded in an existing business (Farm B). This net cash income describes real cash left in the owner’s pocket for an “owner draw” or for “profits to be reinvested” in the business. This is both the paycheck for your labor and the profit (the return for your investment or risk).
We did not include real estate payments or rental rates in this budget, so that is an additional item that might come from this net cash income. Since this model assumes this is the first year, we have included the set-up of poultry housing into this budget as a one-time expense that won’t necessarily re-occur in year two. We expect cash based performance will improve in year two for this reason.
Here’s What We Learned
For both Farm budgets, we can conclude that this is a very part time occupation. This is an important realization for smaller producers who are currently selling 300-500 birds per year. Even if you have found a way to earn a small income now, we can say with certainty that expansion of the broiler operation to the 1,000-bird threshold in Vermont will not get you that much closer to achieving the full-time farm income that many people aspire to.
Conversations with several managers came to the same conclusion as our budget: a poultry set-up of this size can be a very nice complement to an existing business. Looking at an example of a Farm B, a vegetable farm with a CSA membership base and a slot at a farmer’s market, it is easy to see that much of the marketing expenses are already covered. Customer recruitment is covered, delivery vehicles or on-farm pick up investments already made, websites are in place, and the farm records systems are set up to track sales.
So, if Farm B is going to net $6,616 with all these potential expenses already covered by the base business, how much is it going to take in cash expenses, investments, and owner labor to execute the marketing plan for 1,000 broilers? There is nothing wrong with a part time farm income as long as that is all you are expecting. It’s also important to factor how many hours you should realistically invest in this part time business, especially since you’ll need to devote time to earning money elsewhere.
We also know that for Farm B, the owner could use labor already present on the farm. It is true that a full analysis would quantify this borrowed labor as a real cost (or opportunity cost in economic-speak). But the gut reaction from the owners we spoke to revealed that they had naturally occurring down time for the crews that meant labor could be easily borrowed. The stand-alone business will not have this resource. This means that the owner of Farm A might require a higher payout that reflects the extra labor he/she needs to contribute.
Start Up Funding and Getting Paid
Now for the major considerations: operating capital, processing costs, feed price and the price of your product in the market place. These items have the largest potential to impact the financial performance of this enterprise.
Start-Up Capital or Cash
It is going to take about $15,000 in expenses over the whole year to run this. If we assume two batches it is fair to think you’ll need $8,000-$9,000 to get the first batch to a sellable form. More batches will ease up the cash flow pressure by reducing the needed cash to start each batch. Plan accordingly. Start saving now, locate a source of cash or consider if pre-selling birds fits into your business plan. Just know that we can make cases for and against each source of cash. Make a plan that fits best for you. (If pre-selling remember the uncertainty of grain markets. You are absorbing the risk of an unknown crop year and uncertain feed costs if you lock in payment early. Remember 2007?)
Processing Costs
Our budget used a cost of $3.50 per bird for processing. This reflected a mix of real-world responses from people who paid up to $5.00 per bird or as low as $2.00 per bird when excess labor was available. Basic math tells us that if the processing cost went from $3.50 to $5.00 a bird, then our projected net income is reduced by $1,425 (figuring only 950 birds survive to processing). Consider your access to processing or what it will cost you to do the job.
Pricing
Price points stand to have a significant impact on net cash income for this operation. Under our research, this operation gets 950 birds to slaughter with an average finish weight of 4.68 pounds each. That’s 4,453 pounds of meat. Every change of $0.25 per pound in price results in a swing of $1,113 up or down in net cash income. Prices under $4.00 per pound would result in a loss of money for the farms we studied. Price points matter, so revisit this often.
Feed Prices
Now for the last number to write down: the impact of a change in feed price. For every increase of $100 per ton of feed ($2.50 per bag) your cost per pound of finished meat increases by about $0.20 per pound. Remember this calculation when you adjust your pricing. At $0.20 per pound, that hits net income with a decrease of about $890 per year if you don’t adjust your prices. That’s really money!
My Operation is Different
I know that many of you are thinking these numbers don’t match your specific operation. I agree, and that’s why I started this article with “It depends.” Estimates are just that, estimates…until you run the business and collect your own actual financials for the year. This budget model is built as a starting point for planning. You should use these templates and adjust them to reflect the reality for your business.
So go ahead! Click here and download your own budgeting template and get started.
Interested in other potential enterprises? Check out Sandra Miller’s article on forage, fencing and shelter for a multi-species grazing set up.
